Spring Boot使用线程池创建多线程

在 Spring Boot 2 中，可以使用 @Autowired 注入 线程池（ThreadPoolTaskExecutor 或 ExecutorService），从而管理线程的创建和执行。以下是使用 @Autowired 方式注入线程池的完整示例。

1. 通过 `@Autowired` 注入 `ThreadPoolTaskExecutor`

步骤 1：配置线程池

创建 ThreadPoolTaskExecutor 的 @Bean 配置：

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor;
import java.util.concurrent.Executor;@Configuration
public class ThreadPoolConfig {@Bean(name = "customTaskExecutor")public Executor taskExecutor() {ThreadPoolTaskExecutor executor = new ThreadPoolTaskExecutor();executor.setCorePoolSize(5);  // 核心线程数executor.setMaxPoolSize(10);  // 最大线程数executor.setQueueCapacity(25); // 任务队列容量executor.setThreadNamePrefix("Async-Executor-"); // 线程名前缀executor.initialize();return executor;}
}

步骤 2：使用 `@Autowired` 注入线程池

在 Service 层，通过 @Autowired 注入 ThreadPoolTaskExecutor 并执行任务：

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import java.util.concurrent.Future;@Service
public class AsyncTaskService {private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AsyncTaskService.class);@Autowired@Qualifier("customTaskExecutor") // 通过 @Qualifier 指定 Bean 名称private ThreadPoolTaskExecutor customTaskExecutor;// 提交异步任务public void runAsyncTask() {customTaskExecutor.execute(() -> {logger.info("异步任务执行，线程名：{}", Thread.currentThread().getName());try {Thread.sleep(2000); // 模拟耗时任务} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}logger.info("异步任务完成，线程名：{}", Thread.currentThread().getName());});}// 提交带返回值的异步任务public Future<String> runAsyncTaskWithResult() {return customTaskExecutor.submit(() -> {logger.info("执行带返回值的异步任务，线程名：{}", Thread.currentThread().getName());Thread.sleep(2000);return "任务完成";});}
}

步骤 3：在 Controller 中调用

在 Controller 层，通过 @Autowired 调用 AsyncTaskService：

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;import java.util.concurrent.Future;@RestController
@RequestMapping("/task")
public class AsyncTaskController {@Autowiredprivate AsyncTaskService asyncTaskService;@GetMapping("/run")public String runTask() {asyncTaskService.runAsyncTask();return "任务已提交";}@GetMapping("/runWithResult")public String runTaskWithResult() throws Exception {Future<String> result = asyncTaskService.runAsyncTaskWithResult();return "任务结果：" + result.get();}
}

2. 通过 `@Autowired` 注入 `ThreadPoolTaskScheduler`（适用于定时任务）

步骤 1：配置 `ThreadPoolTaskScheduler`

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskScheduler;@Configuration
public class TaskSchedulerConfig {@Beanpublic ThreadPoolTaskScheduler taskScheduler() {ThreadPoolTaskScheduler scheduler = new ThreadPoolTaskScheduler();scheduler.setPoolSize(5);  // 线程池大小scheduler.setThreadNamePrefix("Scheduled-Task-");scheduler.initialize();return scheduler;}
}

步骤 2：在 Service 中使用 `@Autowired` 注入

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskScheduler;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;@Service
public class ScheduledTaskService {private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ScheduledTaskService.class);@Autowiredprivate ThreadPoolTaskScheduler taskScheduler;public void scheduleTask() {ScheduledFuture<?> future = taskScheduler.scheduleAtFixedRate(() -> {logger.info("执行定时任务，线程名：{}", Thread.currentThread().getName());}, 5000);}
}

步骤 3：在 Controller 中调用

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;@RestController
@RequestMapping("/schedule")
public class ScheduleTaskController {@Autowiredprivate ScheduledTaskService scheduledTaskService;@GetMapping("/start")public String startScheduledTask() {scheduledTaskService.scheduleTask();return "定时任务已启动";}
}

3. 通过 `@Autowired` 注入 `ExecutorService`

如果你更喜欢 Java 原生的 ExecutorService，可以使用 @Bean 配置：

步骤 1：定义 `ExecutorService` 线程池

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;@Configuration
public class ExecutorServiceConfig {@Beanpublic ExecutorService fixedThreadPool() {return Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);}
}

步骤 2：在 Service 中注入 `ExecutorService`

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;@Service
public class ExecutorServiceTask {private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ExecutorServiceTask.class);@Autowiredprivate ExecutorService executorService;public void executeTask() {executorService.execute(() -> {logger.info("执行任务，线程名：{}", Thread.currentThread().getName());});}
}

步骤 3：在 Controller 中调用

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;@RestController
@RequestMapping("/executor")
public class ExecutorServiceController {@Autowiredprivate ExecutorServiceTask executorServiceTask;@GetMapping("/run")public String runTask() {executorServiceTask.executeTask();return "任务已提交";}
}

总结

方式	适用场景	配置方式
`ThreadPoolTaskExecutor`	普通异步任务 (`@Async` 或 `execute`)	`@Autowired private ThreadPoolTaskExecutor`
`ThreadPoolTaskScheduler`	定时任务	`@Autowired private ThreadPoolTaskScheduler`
`ExecutorService`	原生 Java 线程池	`@Autowired private ExecutorService`