1. 彩色和灰度图片测试和训练的规范写法：封装在函数中
2. 展平操作：除第一个维度batchsize外全部展平
3. dropout操作：训练阶段随机丢弃神经元，测试阶段eval模式关闭dropout

作业：仔细学习下测试和训练代码的逻辑，这是基础，这个代码框架后续会一直沿用，后续的重点慢慢就是转向模型定义阶段了。

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
from torchvision import datasets, transforms
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np# 设置中文字体支持
plt.rcParams["font.family"] = ["SimHei"]
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False  # 解决负号显示问题# 1. 数据预处理
transform = transforms.Compose([transforms.ToTensor(),  # 转换为张量并归一化到[0,1]transforms.Normalize((0.1307,), (0.3081,))  # MNIST数据集的均值和标准差
])# 2. 加载MNIST数据集
train_dataset = datasets.MNIST(root='./data',train=True,download=True,transform=transform
)test_dataset = datasets.MNIST(root='./data',train=False,transform=transform
)# 3. 创建数据加载器
batch_size = 64  # 每批处理64个样本
train_loader = DataLoader(train_dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True)
test_loader = DataLoader(test_dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=False)# 4. 定义模型、损失函数和优化器
class MLP(nn.Module):def __init__(self):super(MLP, self).__init__()self.flatten = nn.Flatten()  # 将28x28的图像展平为784维向量self.layer1 = nn.Linear(784, 128)  # 第一层：784个输入，128个神经元self.relu = nn.ReLU()  # 激活函数self.layer2 = nn.Linear(128, 10)  # 第二层：128个输入，10个输出（对应10个数字类别）def forward(self, x):x = self.flatten(x)  # 展平图像x = self.layer1(x)   # 第一层线性变换x = self.relu(x)     # 应用ReLU激活函数x = self.layer2(x)   # 第二层线性变换，输出logitsreturn x# 检查GPU是否可用
device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")# 初始化模型
model = MLP()
model = model.to(device)  # 将模型移至GPU（如果可用）criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()  # 交叉熵损失函数，适用于多分类问题
optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.001)  # Adam优化器# 5. 训练模型（记录每个 iteration 的损失）
def train(model, train_loader, test_loader, criterion, optimizer, device, epochs):model.train()  # 设置为训练模式# 新增：记录每个 iteration 的损失all_iter_losses = []  # 存储所有 batch 的损失iter_indices = []     # 存储 iteration 序号（从1开始）for epoch in range(epochs):running_loss = 0.0correct = 0total = 0for batch_idx, (data, target) in enumerate(train_loader):data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)  # 移至GPU(如果可用)optimizer.zero_grad()  # 梯度清零output = model(data)  # 前向传播loss = criterion(output, target)  # 计算损失loss.backward()  # 反向传播optimizer.step()  # 更新参数# 记录当前 iteration 的损失（注意：这里直接使用单 batch 损失，而非累加平均）iter_loss = loss.item()all_iter_losses.append(iter_loss)iter_indices.append(epoch * len(train_loader) + batch_idx + 1)  # iteration 序号从1开始# 统计准确率和损失（原逻辑保留，用于 epoch 级统计）running_loss += iter_loss_, predicted = output.max(1)total += target.size(0)correct += predicted.eq(target).sum().item()# 每100个批次打印一次训练信息（可选：同时打印单 batch 损失）if (batch_idx + 1) % 100 == 0:print(f'Epoch: {epoch+1}/{epochs} | Batch: {batch_idx+1}/{len(train_loader)} 'f'| 单Batch损失: {iter_loss:.4f} | 累计平均损失: {running_loss/(batch_idx+1):.4f}')# 原 epoch 级逻辑（测试、打印 epoch 结果）不变epoch_train_loss = running_loss / len(train_loader)epoch_train_acc = 100. * correct / totalepoch_test_loss, epoch_test_acc = test(model, test_loader, criterion, device)print(f'Epoch {epoch+1}/{epochs} 完成 | 训练准确率: {epoch_train_acc:.2f}% | 测试准确率: {epoch_test_acc:.2f}%')# 绘制所有 iteration 的损失曲线plot_iter_losses(all_iter_losses, iter_indices)# 保留原 epoch 级曲线（可选）# plot_metrics(train_losses, test_losses, train_accuracies, test_accuracies, epochs)return epoch_test_acc  # 返回最终测试准确率# 6. 测试模型
def test(model, test_loader, criterion, device):model.eval()  # 设置为评估模式test_loss = 0correct = 0total = 0with torch.no_grad():  # 不计算梯度，节省内存和计算资源for data, target in test_loader:data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)output = model(data)test_loss += criterion(output, target).item()_, predicted = output.max(1)total += target.size(0)correct += predicted.eq(target).sum().item()avg_loss = test_loss / len(test_loader)accuracy = 100. * correct / totalreturn avg_loss, accuracy  # 返回损失和准确率# 7.绘制每个 iteration 的损失曲线
def plot_iter_losses(losses, indices):plt.figure(figsize=(10, 4))plt.plot(indices, losses, 'b-', alpha=0.7, label='Iteration Loss')plt.xlabel('Iteration（Batch序号）')plt.ylabel('损失值')plt.title('每个 Iteration 的训练损失')plt.legend()plt.grid(True)plt.tight_layout()plt.show()# 8. 执行训练和测试（设置 epochs=2 验证效果）
epochs = 2  
print("开始训练模型...")
final_accuracy = train(model, train_loader, test_loader, criterion, optimizer, device, epochs)
print(f"训练完成！最终测试准确率: {final_accuracy:.2f}%")