在开发与外部服务、API 或复杂功能交互的应用程序时，测试几乎总是很困难。简化测试的一种方法是使用存根类。以下是我通常使用它们的方法。

福利简介
存根是接口或类的伪实现，用于模拟真实服务的行为。它们允许您：

无需调用外部服务即可测试代码

无需 API 密钥即可在本地工作

通过避免昂贵的 API 调用来加速测试

创建可预测的测试场景

外部会计服务示例
让我们看一个外部会计服务的简单接口。实际上，你甚至不需要接口来实现这一点，但它可以更轻松地切换实现并保持同步。

interface ExternalAccountingInterface
{public function createRecord(array $data): string;
}

以下是调用外部 API 的实际实现：

class ExternalAccounting implements ExternalAccountingInterface
{public function __construct(private readonly HttpClient $client,private readonly string $apiKey,) {}public function createRecord(array $data): string{$response = $this->client->post("https://api.accounting-service.com/v1/records", ['headers' => ['Authorization' => "Bearer {$this->apiKey}",'Content-Type' => 'application/json',],'json' => $data,]);$responseData = json_decode($response->getBody(), true);return $responseData['record_id'];}
}

现在，这里有一个用于测试的虚假实现：

class FakeExternalAccounting implements ExternalAccountingInterface
{private array $createdRecords = [];private bool $hasEnoughCredits = true;public function createRecord(array $data): string{if (! $this->hasEnoughCredits) {throw new InsufficientCreditsException("Not enough credits to create a record");}$recordId = Str::uuid();$this->createdRecords[$recordId] = $data;return $recordId;}// Edge case simulationpublic function withNotEnoughCredits(): self{$this->hasEnoughCredits = false;return $this;}// Helper methods for assertionspublic function assertRecordsCreated(array $eventData): void{Assert::assertContains($eventData,$this->createdRecords,'Failed asserting that the record was created with the correct data.');}public function assertNothingCreated(): void{Assert::assertEmpty($this->createdRecords, 'Records were created unexpectedly.');}
}

之前和之后：重构以使用存根
之前：使用 Mockery

public function testCreateAccountingRecord(): void
{// Create a mock using Mockery$accountingMock = $this->mock(ExternalAccountingInterface::class);// Set expectations$accountingMock->shouldReceive('createRecord')->once()->with(Mockery::on(function ($data) {return isset($data['type']) && $data['type'] === 'invoice' &&isset($data['amount']) && $data['amount'] === 99.99;}))->andReturn('rec_123456');// Bind the mock$this->swap(ExternalAccountingInterface::class, $accountingMock);// Execute the test$response = $this->post('/api/invoices', ['product_id' => 'prod_123','amount' => 99.99,]);// Assert the response$response->assertStatus(200);$response->assertJson(['success' => true]);
}

之后：使用存根

public function testCreateAccountingRecord(): void
{// Create an instance of our custom stub$fakeAccounting = new FakeExternalAccounting;// Bind the stub$this->swap(ExternalAccountingInterface::class, $fakeAccounting);// Execute the test$response = $this->post('/api/invoices', ['product_id' => 'prod_123','amount' => 99.99,]);// Assert the response$response->assertStatus(200);$response->assertJson(['success' => true]);// Assert that records were created with the expected data$fakeAccounting->assertRecordsCreated(['type' => 'invoice','amount' => 99.99,]);
}

自定义存根可以轻松测试边缘情况和错误场景：

public function testInvoiceFailsWhenNotEnoughCredits(): void
{// Create an instance of our custom stub$fakeAccounting = new FakeExternalAccounting;// Configure the stub to simulate not enough credits$fakeAccounting->withNotEnoughCredits();// Bind the stub$this->swap(ExternalAccountingInterface::class, $fakeAccounting);// Execute the test expecting a failure$response = $this->post('/api/invoices', ['product_id' => 'prod_123','amount' => 99.99,]);// Assert the response handles the failure correctly$response->assertStatus(422);$response->assertJson(['error' => 'Insufficient credits']);// Assert that no records were created$fakeAccounting->assertNothingCreated();
}

通过此设置，您的本地开发环境将使用虚假实现，让您无需 API 密钥即可工作，也不用担心速率限制。当部署到暂存区或生产环境时，应用程序将使用真实的实现

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