注意力可视化

训练模型

包含通道注意力模块和CNN模型的定义（通道注意力的插入）

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
from torchvision import datasets, transforms
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np# 设置中文字体支持
plt.rcParams["font.family"] = ["SimHei"]
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False  # 解决负号显示问题# 检查GPU是否可用
device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
print(f"使用设备: {device}")# 1. 数据预处理
# 训练集：使用多种数据增强方法提高模型泛化能力
train_transform = transforms.Compose([# 随机裁剪图像，从原图中随机截取32x32大小的区域transforms.RandomCrop(32, padding=4),# 随机水平翻转图像（概率0.5）transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(),# 随机颜色抖动：亮度、对比度、饱和度和色调随机变化transforms.ColorJitter(brightness=0.2, contrast=0.2, saturation=0.2, hue=0.1),# 随机旋转图像（最大角度15度）transforms.RandomRotation(15),# 将PIL图像或numpy数组转换为张量transforms.ToTensor(),# 标准化处理：每个通道的均值和标准差，使数据分布更合理transforms.Normalize((0.4914, 0.4822, 0.4465), (0.2023, 0.1994, 0.2010))
])# 测试集：仅进行必要的标准化，保持数据原始特性，标准化不损失数据信息，可还原
test_transform = transforms.Compose([transforms.ToTensor(),transforms.Normalize((0.4914, 0.4822, 0.4465), (0.2023, 0.1994, 0.2010))
])# 2. 加载CIFAR-10数据集
train_dataset = datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data',train=True,download=True,transform=train_transform  # 使用增强后的预处理
)test_dataset = datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data',train=False,transform=test_transform  # 测试集不使用增强
)# 3. 创建数据加载器
batch_size = 64
train_loader = DataLoader(train_dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True)
test_loader = DataLoader(test_dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=False)# ===================== 新增：通道注意力模块（SE模块） =====================
class ChannelAttention(nn.Module):"""通道注意力模块(Squeeze-and-Excitation)"""def __init__(self, in_channels, reduction_ratio=16):"""参数:in_channels: 输入特征图的通道数reduction_ratio: 降维比例，用于减少参数量"""super(ChannelAttention, self).__init__()# 全局平均池化 - 将空间维度压缩为1x1，保留通道信息self.avg_pool = nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d(1)# 全连接层 + 激活函数，用于学习通道间的依赖关系self.fc = nn.Sequential(# 降维：压缩通道数，减少计算量nn.Linear(in_channels, in_channels // reduction_ratio, bias=False),nn.ReLU(inplace=True),# 升维：恢复原始通道数nn.Linear(in_channels // reduction_ratio, in_channels, bias=False),# Sigmoid将输出值归一化到[0,1]，表示通道重要性权重nn.Sigmoid())def forward(self, x):"""参数:x: 输入特征图，形状为 [batch_size, channels, height, width]返回:加权后的特征图，形状不变"""batch_size, channels, height, width = x.size()# 1. 全局平均池化：[batch_size, channels, height, width] → [batch_size, channels, 1, 1]avg_pool_output = self.avg_pool(x)# 2. 展平为一维向量：[batch_size, channels, 1, 1] → [batch_size, channels]avg_pool_output = avg_pool_output.view(batch_size, channels)# 3. 通过全连接层学习通道权重：[batch_size, channels] → [batch_size, channels]channel_weights = self.fc(avg_pool_output)# 4. 重塑为二维张量：[batch_size, channels] → [batch_size, channels, 1, 1]channel_weights = channel_weights.view(batch_size, channels, 1, 1)# 5. 将权重应用到原始特征图上（逐通道相乘）return x * channel_weights  # 输出形状：[batch_size, channels, height, width]# 4. 定义CNN模型的定义（通道注意力的插入）
class CNN(nn.Module):def __init__(self):super(CNN, self).__init__()  # ---------------------- 第一个卷积块 ----------------------self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, 32, 3, padding=1)self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(32)self.relu1 = nn.ReLU()# 新增：插入通道注意力模块（SE模块）self.ca1 = ChannelAttention(in_channels=32, reduction_ratio=16)  self.pool1 = nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2)  # ---------------------- 第二个卷积块 ----------------------self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(32, 64, 3, padding=1)self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(64)self.relu2 = nn.ReLU()# 新增：插入通道注意力模块（SE模块）self.ca2 = ChannelAttention(in_channels=64, reduction_ratio=16)  self.pool2 = nn.MaxPool2d(2)  # ---------------------- 第三个卷积块 ----------------------self.conv3 = nn.Conv2d(64, 128, 3, padding=1)self.bn3 = nn.BatchNorm2d(128)self.relu3 = nn.ReLU()# 新增：插入通道注意力模块（SE模块）self.ca3 = ChannelAttention(in_channels=128, reduction_ratio=16)  self.pool3 = nn.MaxPool2d(2)  # ---------------------- 全连接层（分类器） ----------------------self.fc1 = nn.Linear(128 * 4 * 4, 512)self.dropout = nn.Dropout(p=0.5)self.fc2 = nn.Linear(512, 10)def forward(self, x):# ---------- 卷积块1处理 ----------x = self.conv1(x)       x = self.bn1(x)         x = self.relu1(x)       x = self.ca1(x)  # 应用通道注意力x = self.pool1(x)       # ---------- 卷积块2处理 ----------x = self.conv2(x)       x = self.bn2(x)         x = self.relu2(x)       x = self.ca2(x)  # 应用通道注意力x = self.pool2(x)       # ---------- 卷积块3处理 ----------x = self.conv3(x)       x = self.bn3(x)         x = self.relu3(x)       x = self.ca3(x)  # 应用通道注意力x = self.pool3(x)       # ---------- 展平与全连接层 ----------x = x.view(-1, 128 * 4 * 4)  x = self.fc1(x)           x = self.relu3(x)         x = self.dropout(x)       x = self.fc2(x)           return x  # 重新初始化模型，包含通道注意力模块
model = CNN()
model = model.to(device)  # 将模型移至GPU（如果可用）criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()  # 交叉熵损失函数
optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.001)  # Adam优化器# 引入学习率调度器，在训练过程中动态调整学习率--训练初期使用较大的 LR 快速降低损失，训练后期使用较小的 LR 更精细地逼近全局最优解。
# 在每个 epoch 结束后，需要手动调用调度器来更新学习率，可以在训练过程中调用 scheduler.step()
scheduler = optim.lr_scheduler.ReduceLROnPlateau(optimizer,        # 指定要控制的优化器（这里是Adam）mode='min',       # 监测的指标是"最小化"（如损失函数）patience=3,       # 如果连续3个epoch指标没有改善，才降低LRfactor=0.5        # 降低LR的比例（新LR = 旧LR × 0.5）
)# 5. 训练模型（记录每个 iteration 的损失）
def train(model, train_loader, test_loader, criterion, optimizer, scheduler, device, epochs):model.train()  # 设置为训练模式# 记录每个 iteration 的损失all_iter_losses = []  # 存储所有 batch 的损失iter_indices = []     # 存储 iteration 序号# 记录每个 epoch 的准确率和损失train_acc_history = []test_acc_history = []train_loss_history = []test_loss_history = []for epoch in range(epochs):running_loss = 0.0correct = 0total = 0for batch_idx, (data, target) in enumerate(train_loader):data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)  # 移至GPUoptimizer.zero_grad()  # 梯度清零output = model(data)  # 前向传播loss = criterion(output, target)  # 计算损失loss.backward()  # 反向传播optimizer.step()  # 更新参数# 记录当前 iteration 的损失iter_loss = loss.item()all_iter_losses.append(iter_loss)iter_indices.append(epoch * len(train_loader) + batch_idx + 1)# 统计准确率和损失running_loss += iter_loss_, predicted = output.max(1)total += target.size(0)correct += predicted.eq(target).sum().item()# 每100个批次打印一次训练信息if (batch_idx + 1) % 100 == 0:print(f'Epoch: {epoch+1}/{epochs} | Batch: {batch_idx+1}/{len(train_loader)} 'f'| 单Batch损失: {iter_loss:.4f} | 累计平均损失: {running_loss/(batch_idx+1):.4f}')# 计算当前epoch的平均训练损失和准确率epoch_train_loss = running_loss / len(train_loader)epoch_train_acc = 100. * correct / totaltrain_acc_history.append(epoch_train_acc)train_loss_history.append(epoch_train_loss)# 测试阶段model.eval()  # 设置为评估模式test_loss = 0correct_test = 0total_test = 0with torch.no_grad():for data, target in test_loader:data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)output = model(data)test_loss += criterion(output, target).item()_, predicted = output.max(1)total_test += target.size(0)correct_test += predicted.eq(target).sum().item()epoch_test_loss = test_loss / len(test_loader)epoch_test_acc = 100. * correct_test / total_testtest_acc_history.append(epoch_test_acc)test_loss_history.append(epoch_test_loss)# 更新学习率调度器scheduler.step(epoch_test_loss)print(f'Epoch {epoch+1}/{epochs} 完成 | 训练准确率: {epoch_train_acc:.2f}% | 测试准确率: {epoch_test_acc:.2f}%')# 绘制所有 iteration 的损失曲线plot_iter_losses(all_iter_losses, iter_indices)# 绘制每个 epoch 的准确率和损失曲线plot_epoch_metrics(train_acc_history, test_acc_history, train_loss_history, test_loss_history)return epoch_test_acc  # 返回最终测试准确率# 6. 绘制每个 iteration 的损失曲线
def plot_iter_losses(losses, indices):plt.figure(figsize=(10, 4))plt.plot(indices, losses, 'b-', alpha=0.7, label='Iteration Loss')plt.xlabel('Iteration（Batch序号）')plt.ylabel('损失值')plt.title('每个 Iteration 的训练损失')plt.legend()plt.grid(True)plt.tight_layout()plt.show()# 7. 绘制每个 epoch 的准确率和损失曲线
def plot_epoch_metrics(train_acc, test_acc, train_loss, test_loss):epochs = range(1, len(train_acc) + 1)plt.figure(figsize=(12, 4))# 绘制准确率曲线plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)plt.plot(epochs, train_acc, 'b-', label='训练准确率')plt.plot(epochs, test_acc, 'r-', label='测试准确率')plt.xlabel('Epoch')plt.ylabel('准确率 (%)')plt.title('训练和测试准确率')plt.legend()plt.grid(True)# 绘制损失曲线plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)plt.plot(epochs, train_loss, 'b-', label='训练损失')plt.plot(epochs, test_loss, 'r-', label='测试损失')plt.xlabel('Epoch')plt.ylabel('损失值')plt.title('训练和测试损失')plt.legend()plt.grid(True)plt.tight_layout()plt.show()# 训练模型（复用原有的train函数）
print("开始训练带通道注意力的CNN模型...")
final_accuracy = train(model, train_loader, test_loader, criterion, optimizer, scheduler, device, epochs=20)
print(f"训练完成！最终测试准确率: {final_accuracy:.2f}%")

可视化空间注意力热力图

对比conv1,conv2,conv3这三个卷积层

# 可视化空间注意力热力图（显示模型关注的图像区域）
def visualize_attention_map(model, test_loader, device, class_names, num_samples=3):"""可视化模型的注意力热力图，展示模型关注的图像区域"""model.eval()  # 设置为评估模式with torch.no_grad():for i, (images, labels) in enumerate(test_loader):if i >= num_samples:  # 只可视化前几个样本breakimages, labels = images.to(device), labels.to(device)# 为多个卷积层创建钩子activation_maps = {}conv_layers = ['conv1', 'conv2', 'conv3']def hook(module, input, output, layer_name):activation_maps[layer_name] = output.cpu()# 为每个卷积层注册钩子hook_handles = []for layer_name in conv_layers:layer = getattr(model, layer_name)handle = layer.register_forward_hook(lambda m, i, o, name=layer_name: hook(m, i, o, name))hook_handles.append(handle)# 前向传播，触发钩子outputs = model(images)# 移除所有钩子for handle in hook_handles:handle.remove()# 获取预测结果_, predicted = torch.max(outputs, 1)# 获取原始图像img = images[0].cpu().permute(1, 2, 0).numpy()# 反标准化处理img = img * np.array([0.2023, 0.1994, 0.2010]).reshape(1, 1, 3) + np.array([0.4914, 0.4822, 0.4465]).reshape(1, 1, 3)img = np.clip(img, 0, 1)# 为每个卷积层创建子图for layer_name in conv_layers:# 获取激活图（对应卷积层的输出）feature_map = activation_maps[layer_name][0].cpu()  # 取第一个样本# 计算通道注意力权重（使用SE模块的全局平均池化）channel_weights = torch.mean(feature_map, dim=(1, 2))  # [C]# 按权重对通道排序sorted_indices = torch.argsort(channel_weights, descending=True)# 创建子图fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 4, figsize=(16, 4))# 显示原始图像axes[0].imshow(img)axes[0].set_title(f'原始图像\n真实: {class_names[labels[0]]}\n预测: {class_names[predicted[0]]}')axes[0].axis('off')# 显示前3个最活跃通道的热力图for j in range(3):channel_idx = sorted_indices[j]# 获取对应通道的特征图channel_map = feature_map[channel_idx].numpy()# 归一化到[0,1]channel_map = (channel_map - channel_map.min()) / (channel_map.max() - channel_map.min() + 1e-8)# 调整热力图大小以匹配原始图像from scipy.ndimage import zoomheatmap = zoom(channel_map, (32/feature_map.shape[1], 32/feature_map.shape[2]))# 显示热力图axes[j+1].imshow(img)axes[j+1].imshow(heatmap, alpha=0.5, cmap='jet')axes[j+1].set_title(f'{layer_name} 注意力热力图 - 通道 {channel_idx}')axes[j+1].axis('off')plt.tight_layout()plt.show()# 调用可视化函数
class_names = ['飞机', '汽车', '鸟', '猫', '鹿', '狗', '青蛙', '马', '船', '卡车']
visualize_attention_map(model, test_loader, device, class_names, num_samples=3)

@浙大疏锦行