创建账号和授权

-- 以 xx_user 为例
CREATE USER `xx_user`@`%` IDENTIFIED WITH caching_sha2_password BY 'your_password';-- 全局表授权 select, insert, update, delete
grant select, insert, update, delete on xx_table to xx_user;-- 业务范围内的表授 ALL PRIVILEGES
SELECT CONCAT('GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON ',TABLE_SCHEMA,'.',TABLE_NAME,' TO `xx_user`@`%`;')
FROM `information_schema`.`TABLES`
WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA` = 'xxx_db' AND `TABLE_NAME` LIKE 'test_%' ;
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;-- 视图授权 SELECT, SHOW
GRANT SELECT, SHOW VIEW ON `xxx_view` TO 'xx_user'@'%';

查询没有主键的表

SELECT t.table_name, t.table_type,n.table_schema,n.table_name,n.constraint_name FROM information_schema.tables t
LEFT JOIN information_schema.key_column_usage n
ON t.table_schema=n.table_schema AND t.table_name= n.table_name AND n.constraint_name = 'PRIMARY'
WHERE t.table_schema = 'xxx_db'
AND t.table_type = 'BASE TABLE'
AND n.table_name is NULL;

统计每个库大小

SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA, SUM(DATA_LENGTH)/1024/1024 AS Data_MB, SUM(INDEX_LENGTH)/1024/1024 AS INDEX_MB
FROM information_schema.tables AS T1
WHERE T1.TABLE_SCHEMA like 'xxx_db%'
GROUP BY table_schema;

前十张大表

按行排序（TABLE_ROWS）
按表空间排序（TABLE_ROWS）

-- 按行
SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA AS database_name,TABLE_NAME AS table_name,TABLE_ROWS AS table_rows, ENGINE AS table_engine
,ROUND((DATA_LENGTH) /1024.0/1024,2) AS Data_MB ,ROUND((INDEX_LENGTH) /1024.0/1024,2) AS Index_MB
,ROUND((DATA_LENGTH + INDEX_LENGTH)/1024.0/1024,2) AS Total_MB,ROUND((DATA_FREE)/1024.0/1024,2) AS Free_MB
FROM information_schema.tables AS T1
WHERE T1.TABLE_SCHEMA like 'xxx_db%'
ORDER BY TABLE_ROWS
DESC LIMIT 10;-- 按表空间
SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA AS database_name,TABLE_NAME AS table_name,TABLE_ROWS AS table_rows, ENGINE AS table_engine
,ROUND((DATA_LENGTH) /1024.0/1024,2) AS Data_MB ,ROUND((INDEX_LENGTH) /1024.0/1024,2) AS Index_MB
,ROUND((DATA_LENGTH + INDEX_LENGTH)/1024.0/1024,2) AS Total_MB,ROUND((DATA_FREE)/1024.0/1024,2) AS Free_MB
FROM information_schema.tables AS T1
WHERE T1.TABLE_SCHEMA like 'xxx_db%'
ORDER BY Total_MB
DESC LIMIT 10;

清理日志表

-- 清中间件的日志表
TRUNCATE TABLE xxljob.xxl_job_log;
TRUNCATE TABLE nacos.his_config_info;-- 清业务库的日志表
TRUNCATE TABLE xx_db.xx_table;

Prepared statement needs to be re-prepared

问题：当时参数 table_open_cache =16384, 但 table_definition_cache 还是默认值 2000，table_definition_cache 也需要同时调大，这里我设置与 table_open_cache 一样大。

MySQL提示：1615: Prepared statement needs to be re-prepared

xtrabackup 问题

• 问题 LOCK INSTANCE FOR BACKUP
  xtrabackup 运行过程中会锁mysql实例，如果特殊情况下中断或故障时，就需要手动解锁

--  sql 执行解锁
UNLOCK INSTANCE;

• [Xtrabackup] could not find redo log file with LSN 813931920896 [ERROR] [MY-011825] [Xtrabackup] read_logfile() failed. [ERROR] [MY-011825] [Xtrabackup] log copying failed.

--  sql 执行刷盘
FLUSH LOGS;

• [Xtrabackup] Found tables with row versions due to INSTANT ADD/DROP columns [Xtrabackup] Please run OPTIMIZE TABLE or ALTER TABLE ALGORITHM=COPY on all listed tables to fix this issue.

https://www.modb.pro/db/631294  升级到 8.0.33 或 8.2.0(xtrabackup 同时升到 8.2.0)

• The input device is not a TTY

在 crontab 定时执行，脚本中 docker run -it … 要去掉 -it , 不然就会出现 The input device is not a TTY

锁问题处理

mysql 锁实战分析

官网文档

快速处理

# 查询数据锁
SELECT * FROM performance_schema.data_locks;# 事务ID查询进程ID
SELECT trx.trx_id, trx.trx_mysql_thread_id AS PID, trx.trx_state, trx.trx_query
FROM information_schema.innodb_trx trx;# 释放锁，下面语句结果复制出来执行，把对应的 pid 给 kill 掉，释放锁
SELECT concat('KILL ', trx.trx_mysql_thread_id,';') as cmd FROM performance_schema.data_locks lck
INNER JOIN information_schema.innodb_trx trx ON trx.trx_id= lck.ENGINE_TRANSACTION_ID;

查询事务等待和阻塞情况

# 查询事务等待和阻塞情况
SELECTr.trx_id waiting_trx_id,r.trx_mysql_thread_id waiting_thread,r.trx_query waiting_query,b.trx_id blocking_trx_id,b.trx_mysql_thread_id blocking_thread,b.trx_query blocking_query
FROM       performance_schema.data_lock_waits w
INNER JOIN information_schema.innodb_trx b ON b.trx_id = w.blocking_engine_transaction_id
INNER JOIN information_schema.innodb_trx r ON r.trx_id = w.requesting_engine_transaction_id;# 直接用 sys.innodb_lock_waits 查询
SELECTwaiting_trx_id,waiting_pid,waiting_query,blocking_trx_id,blocking_pid,blocking_query
FROM sys.innodb_lock_waits;

eg.

waiting trx id	waiting thread	waiting query	blocking trx id	blocking thread	blocking query
A4	6	SELECT b FROM t FOR UPDATE	A3	5	SELECT SLEEP(100)
A5	7	SELECT c FROM t FOR UPDATE	A3	5	SELECT SLEEP(100)
A5	7	SELECT c FROM t FOR UPDATE	A4	6	SELECT b FROM t FOR UPDATE

在识别阻塞事务时，如果发出查询的会话已闲置，则阻塞查询会报告一个空值。在这种情况下，使用以下步骤确定阻塞查询：

确定阻塞事务的进程列表 ID。在 sys.innodb_lock_waits 表中，阻塞事务的进程表 ID 就是 blocking_pid 值。使用 blocking_pid，查询 MySQL 性能模式线程表，以确定阻塞事务的 THREAD_ID。例如，如果 blocking_pid 为 6，请执行以下查询：

SELECT THREAD_ID FROM performance_schema.threads WHERE PROCESSLIST_ID = 6;

使用 THREAD_ID 查询性能模式 events_statements_current 表，以确定线程执行的最后一次查询。例如，如果 THREAD_ID 是 28，请执行以下查询：

SELECT THREAD_ID, SQL_TEXT FROM performance_schema.events_statements_current WHERE THREAD_ID = 28;

如果线程执行的最后一次查询信息不足以确定锁被锁定的原因，可以查询性能模式events_statements_histor表，查看线程执行的最后 10 条语句。

SELECT THREAD_ID, SQL_TEXT FROM performance_schema.events_statements_history WHERE THREAD_ID = 28 ORDER BY EVENT_ID;

innodb_trx

查询出事务 id 和 pid( processlist 中的 id)

SELECT trx.trx_id, trx.trx_mysql_thread_id AS PID, trx.trx_state, trx.trx_query FROM information_schema.innodb_trx trx;

trx_id	pid	trx_state	trix_query
292681221	590590	RUNNING
292677969	587984	RUNNING

processlist

根据 pid 查询进程详情

SELECT * FROM `performance_schema`.PROCESSLIST WHERE id in (587984,590590);

id	user	host	db	command	time	state	info	execute_engine
587984	xxx	172.8.8.1:50372	xxx	Sleep	6468			PRIMARY
590590	xxx	172.8.8.1:1885	xxx	Sleep	3095			PRIMARY

data_locks

官网文档

MySQL的data_locks表是InnoDB存储引擎用于记录当前事务持有和请求的数据锁信息的。这些数据锁用于控制并发访问，确保数据的一致性和完整性。在MySQL中，当一个事务访问某个数据时，它可以对该数据加锁，这样其他事务就无法修改或读取该数据，直到锁被释放。

InnoDB存储引擎在做SELECT、INSERT、DELETE、UPDATE操作的时候，不会为表加上S锁或者X锁的，但是会使用到意向锁这种表级别锁。MyISAM引擎是不支持意向锁的。

意向锁又分为意向共享锁（intention shared lock,IS）：事务有意向对表中的某些行加共享锁（S锁）；意向排他锁（intention exclusive lock,IX）：事务有意向对表中的某些行加排他锁（X锁）。事务在给一个数据行加共享锁前必须取得该表的IS锁；事务在给一个数据行加排他锁前必须取得该表的IX锁。意向锁的引入主要是为了在进行行级锁或页级锁时，提供一种机制来表示事务可能会对表中的某些行或页面进行锁定操作的意向，从而提高并发控制的效率。

如果没有意向写锁，mysql在加行锁之前，需要循环扫描表，判断表是否有行锁。

有了意向写锁之后，mysql在加行写锁时，只要判断表上没有意向写锁，可以直接加行写锁，无需扫描。

查看数据锁的情况，查询出来的 THREAD_ID 后面都有关联在使用

SELECT * FROM `performance_schema`.`data_locks` WHERE engine_transaction_id in (292681221,292677969);

ENGINE	ENGINE_LOCK_ID	ENGINE_TRANSACTION_ID	THREAD_ID	EVENT_ID	OBJECT_SCHEMA	OBJECT_NAME	PARTITION_NAME	SUBPARTITION_NAME	INDEX_NAME	OBJECT_INSTANCE_BEGIN	LOCK_TYPE	LOCK_MODE	LOCK_STATUS	LOCK_DATA
INNODB	139813616145968:41767:139811118757608	292677969	588348	96	xxx	task_apply				139811118757608	TABLE	IX	GRANTED
INNODB	139813616145968:32475:139811118757520	292677969	588348	90	xxx	task_todo				139811118757520	TABLE	IX	GRANTED
INNODB	139813616145968:31409:4:19:139811118754608	292677969	588348	90	xxx	task_todo			PRIMARY	139811118754608	RECORD	X,REC_NOT_GAP	GRANTED
INNODB	139813616145968:40701:5:6:139811118754952	292677969	588348	96	xxx	task_apply			PRIMARY	139811118754952	RECORD	X,REC_NOT_GAP	GRANTED
INNODB	139813616109608:32475:139811118485088	292681221	590954	85	xxx	task_todo				139811118485088	TABLE	IX	GRANTED

588348 获取 task_todo，task_apply 的行写锁（X），自然也有意向排他锁 IX，590954 只获取了 task_todo 意向写锁，并没有获得行锁，可能是修改的是同一记录，但 588348 没有释放写锁。

data_lock_waits

官网文档

select * FROM  performance_schema.data_lock_waits

metadata_locks

官网文档

元数据锁，简称MDL锁，属于表锁范畴。MDL的作用是，保证读写的正确性。比如，如果一个查询正在遍历一个表中的数据，而执行期间另一个线程对这个表结构做变更，增加了一列，那么查询线程拿到的结果跟表结构对不上，肯定是不行的。
因此，当对一个表做 增删改查 操作的时候，加MDL读锁；当要对表做 结构变更 操作的时候，加 MDL写锁。

读锁之间不互斥，因此你可以有多个线程同时对一张表增删改查。读写锁之间、写锁之间是互斥的，用来保证变更表结构操作的安全性，解决了DML和DDL操作之间的一致性问题。不需要显式使用，在访问一个表的时候会被自动加上。

	IS	IX	AUTO-INC	S	X
IS	√	√	√	√	X
IX	√	√	√	X	X
AUTO-INC	√	√	X	X	X
S	√	X	X	√	X
X	X	X	X	X	X

思考：我们在对表做Alter操作的时候，是否能立即执行？

答案是不一定，如果此时还有事务在进行增删改查操作，Alter操作会阻塞，必须等待所有事务执行完毕才能执行。

需要注意的是，我们在对大表做DDL的时候，有可能会造成数据库崩溃。所以要求我们尽量在业务不繁忙的时候执行DDL，或者是使用第三方工具，如 pt-online-schema-change 等来安全的执行表的DDL操作。

SELECT * from performance_schema.metadata_locks ml WHERE ml.owner_thread_id in (588348,590954);

OBJECT_TYPE	OBJECT_SCHEMA	OBJECT_NAME	COLUMN_NAME	OBJECT_INSTANCE_BEGIN	LOCK_TYPE	LOCK_DURATION	LOCK_STATUS	SOURCE	OWNER_THREAD_ID	OWNER_EVENT_ID
TABLE	xxx	task_todo		139811196356656	SHARED_READ	TRANSACTION	GRANTED	sql_parse.cc:6251	588348	85
TABLE	xxx	task_todo		139811197083072	SHARED_WRITE	TRANSACTION	GRANTED	sql_parse.cc:6251	588348	90
TABLE	xxx	task_apply		139811195232128	SHARED_READ	TRANSACTION	GRANTED	sql_parse.cc:6251	588348	92
TABLE	xxx	task_apply		139811208160848	SHARED_WRITE	TRANSACTION	GRANTED	sql_parse.cc:6251	588348	96
TABLE	xxx	task_todo		139811162016464	SHARED_READ	TRANSACTION	GRANTED	sql_parse.cc:6251	590954	80
TABLE	xxx	task_todo		139811117870400	SHARED_WRITE	TRANSACTION	GRANTED	sql_parse.cc:6251	590954	85

events_statements_current

SELECT * FROM `performance_schema`.`events_statements_current` WHERE `THREAD_ID` IN (588348,590954)

THREAD_ID	EVENT_ID	END_EVENT_ID	EVENT_NAME	SOURCE	TIMER_START	TIMER_END	TIMER_WAIT	LOCK_TIME	SQL_TEXT	DIGEST	DIGEST_TEXT	CURRENT_SCHEMA	OBJECT_TYPE	OBJECT_SCHEMA	OBJECT_NAME	OBJECT_INSTANCE_BEGIN	MYSQL_ERRNO	RETURNED_SQLSTATE	MESSAGE_TEXT	ERRORS	WARNINGS	ROWS_AFFECTED	ROWS_SENT	ROWS_EXAMINED	CREATED_TMP_DISK_TABLES	CREATED_TMP_TABLES	SELECT_FULL_JOIN	SELECT_FULL_RANGE_JOIN	SELECT_RANGE	SELECT_RANGE_CHECK	SELECT_SCAN	SORT_MERGE_PASSES	SORT_RANGE	SORT_ROWS	SORT_SCAN	NO_INDEX_USED	NO_GOOD_INDEX_USED	NESTING_EVENT_ID	NESTING_EVENT_TYPE	NESTING_EVENT_LEVEL	STATEMENT_ID	CPU_TIME	MAX_CONTROLLED_MEMORY	MAX_TOTAL_MEMORY	EXECUTION_ENGINE
588348	95	95	statement/com/Execute	init_net_server_extension.cc:102	128857880080938000	128857881191745000	1110807000	4000000				xxx					0	00000	Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	85	TRANSACTION	0	6829505	0	908448	1066609	PRIMARY
590954	84	84	statement/com/Execute	init_net_server_extension.cc:102	132231422072543000	132281427865065000	50005792522000	50005436000000				xxx					1205	HY000	Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	80	TRANSACTION	0	6927386	0	329376	350460	PRIMARY

其他

select * from performance_schema.events_transactions_current where thread_id in (588348,590954);
select * from performance_schema.threads where thread_id in (588348,590954);SELECT * FROM performance_schema.events_statements_history WHERE THREAD_ID IN  (588348,590954);
select * from performance_schema.events_transactions_history where thread_id in (588348,590954) ORDER BY event_id;

手动备份单表

mysql集群不支持无主键表, 手动备份单表时务必按下述操作, 否则会导致集群无法启动

# 错误的方式CREATE TABLE xx_table_bakxxx AS SELECT * FROM xx_table;# 这个方法不会备份主键索引注释# 正确的方式CREATE TABLE xx_table_bakxxx LIKE xx_table;INSERT INTO xx_table_bakxxx SELECT * FROM xx_table;

清理耗时过长的sql

压测环境的mysql数据已经做了一个清场的存储过程, 如果环境变卡, 监控界面显示cpu过高, 请再压测前调用以便杀掉卡死的sql语句

# 执行SQL> CALL xxx.kill_overtime_procs(120);# 验证SQL> SELECT * FROM information_schema.processlistWHERE command in ('Query', 'Execute')AND time > 0AND user <> 'system user';