一、基础类型提示
1. 基本类型注解
# 变量类型注解
age: int = 30
name: str = "Alice"
is_student: bool = False
height: float = 1.75
2. 函数注解
def greet(name: str, age: int) -> str:return f"Hello {name}, you are {age} years old!"
二、组合类型
1. 联合类型(Union)
from typing import Union# value 可以是整数或浮点数
def format_number(value: Union[int, float]) -> str:return f"{value:.2f}"# 或者使用简写 |(Python 3.10+)
def format_number(value: int | float) -> str:return f"{value:.2f}"
2. 可选类型(Optional)
from typing import Optionaldef find_user(id: int) -> Optional[str]:# 返回值可以是字符串或 Nonereturn user_db.get(id, None)
三、容器类型
1. 列表(List)
from typing import List# 整数列表
scores: List[int] = [90, 85, 95]# 混合类型列表(不推荐,尽量避免)
values: List[Union[int, str]] = [1, "two", 3]
2. 元组(Tuple)
from typing import Tuple# 固定结构元组
point: Tuple[float, float] = (3.5, 7.2)# 可变长度元组
points: Tuple[float, ...] = (1.0, 2.5, 3.7)
3. 字典(Dict)
from typing import Dict# 键为字符串,值为整数的字典
student_grades: Dict[str, int] = {"Alice": 90, "Bob": 85}# 复杂字典
person: Dict[str, Union[str, int]] = {"name": "Alice", "age": 30}
四、特殊类型
1. 字面值类型(Literal)
from typing import Literal# 参数只能是特定值
def set_direction(direction: Literal["up", "down", "left", "right"]) -> None:print(f"Moving {direction}")set_direction("up") # 正确
set_direction("north") # 类型检查错误
# 注意:Python 的类型注解(包括 Literal)只对类型检查工具有效,不会影响实际运行,所以两个输出都正常。
2. 类型别名(TypeAlias)
# 创建类型别名(Python 3.10+)
from typing import TypeAliasCoordinate: TypeAlias = Tuple[float, float]def distance(a: Coordinate, b: Coordinate) -> float:return ((a[0]-b[0])**2 + (a[1]-b[1])**2)**0.5
五、泛型与高级类型
1. 可调用对象(Callable)
from typing import Callable# 简单函数类型
Adder: Callable[[int, int], int] = lambda x, y: x + ydef add(x: int, y: int) -> int:return x + ydef apply_twice(func: Callable[[int, int], int], x: int, y: int) -> int:return func(func(x, y), func(x, y))print(apply_twice(add, 2, 3)) # Output: 10
def create_adder(n: int) -> Callable[[int, int], int]:def add(x: int, y: int) -> int:return x + y + nreturn addprint(create_adder(5)(2, 3)) # Output: 10
2. Iterable, Sequence, Mapping
from typing import Iterable, Sequence, Mapping# Iterable(可迭代对象)
def sum_all(values: Iterable[int]) -> int:return sum(values)# Sequence(支持索引的集合)
def get_middle(items: Sequence[str]) -> str:return items[len(items)//2]# Mapping(类似字典的结构)
def find_value(data: Mapping[str, int], key: str) -> int:return data.get(key, 0)
六、结构化类型
1. TypedDict(类型化字典)
from typing import TypedDict, Listclass Person(TypedDict):name: strage: inthobbies: List[str]alice: Person = {"name": "Alice","age": 30,"hobbies": ["reading", "hiking"]
}
2. NamedTuple(命名元组)
from typing import NamedTupleclass Point(NamedTuple):x: floaty: floatz: float = 0.0 # 默认值p = Point(1.5, 2.5)
print(p.x, p.y) # 1.5 2.5
七、动态类型相关
1. Any(任意类型)
from typing import Anydef process_data(data: Any) -> Any:# 此函数接受和返回任何类型的值if isinstance(data, list):return data[0]return data
2. Type(类类型)
from typing import Type, TypeVarT = TypeVar('T')def create_instance(cls: Type[T]) -> T:return cls()class Widget: pass
widget = create_instance(Widget)
十、Python 3.10+ 改进
Python 3.10 引入了更简洁的类型提示语法:
# 联合类型简化
def format_value(value: int | float | str) -> str:return str(value)# 类型别名简化
type Coordinate = tuple[float, float]# 参数化泛型
def first(items: list[T]) -> T:return items[0]